Where are chondrocytes found in bone?
Where are chondrocytes found in bone?
Cartilage
Chondrocytes (/ˈkɒndrəsaɪt, -droʊ-/, from Greek χόνδρος, chondros = cartilage + κύτος, kytos = cell) are the only cells found in healthy cartilage….
| Chondrocyte | |
|---|---|
| Location | Cartilage |
| Function | Produce and maintain cartilage matrix |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | chondrocytus |
How is articular cartilage maintained?
Joint motion and load are important to maintain normal articular cartilage structure and function. Inactivity of the joint has also been shown to lead to the degradation of cartilage. Regular joint movement and dynamic load is important for the maintenance of healthy articular cartilage metabolism.
What do chondrocytes do in bone?
The inner layer of the periosteum, or inner cambium, produces a mass of chondrocytes to form a template very similar to developmental endochondral ossification. These cells then proceed through normal ossification and form both a hard and soft callus in place of the fracture.
How are the chondrocytes in articular cartilage nourished?
Articular cartilage is an avascular tissue [15] nourished by two potential pathways: diffusion from subchondral bone vessels and diffusion from the synovial fluid.
Where are chondrocytes derived from?
Chondrocytes derived from mouse embryonic stem cells – PMC.
How is articular cartilage formed?
Cartilage is formed from the mesoderm germ layer by the process known as chondrogenesis. Mesenchyme differentiates into chondroblasts which are the cells that secrete the major components of the extracellular matrix. The most important of these components for cartilage formation being aggrecan and type II collagen.
Where does articular cartilage come from?
Articular cartilage is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints. Healthy cartilage in our joints makes it easier to move. It allows the bones to glide over each other with very little friction. Articular cartilage can be damaged by injury or normal wear and tear.
How do chondrocytes become osteoblasts?
We show that hypertrophic chondrocytes can survive the cartilage-to-bone transition and become osteoblasts and osteocytes during endochondral bone formation and in bone repair.
Where does articular cartilage receive oxygen and nutrients from?
Articular cartilage does not have a blood supply. Rather it gets it oxygen and nutrients from the surrounding joint fluid.
How chondrocytes are nourished?
nutrient acquisition Cartilage cells, called chondrocytes, occur at scattered sites through the cartilage and receive nutrition by diffusion through the gel; cartilage contains no blood vessels or nerves, unlike bone.
How does articular cartilage develop?
The holes are made in the bone beneath the cartilage, called subchondral bone. This action creates a healing response. New blood supply can reach the joint surface, bringing with it new cells that will form the new cartilage.
Where is articular cartilage found?
synovial joints
Articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage on the articular surfaces of bones, and lies inside the joint cavity of synovial joints, bathed in synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane, which lines the walls of the cavity.
How do chondrocytes form cartilage?
Chondrocytes in the AC proliferate and secrete extracellular matrix to maintain and sustain the cartilage. The cells themselves are separated from each other by cartilage matrix [2]. They respond to outside stimuli and tissue damage, and are also responsible for degenerative conditions, such as osteoarthritis (OA).
Do chondrocytes make cartilage?
Chondrocytes are the cells responsible for cartilage formation, and they are crucial for the process of endochondral ossification, which is useful for bone development. Also, by mimicking skeletal development chondrocytes play a critical role in fracture repair.
How do chondrocytes become osteocytes?
What happens to chondrocytes after they proliferate?
During this process, a cartilage template is formed in which chondrocytes proliferate and differentiate into hypertrophic chondrocytes and are gradually replaced by bone. Postnatally, remnants of embryonic chondrocytes remain in a restricted domain between the ossified regions of the bones forming the growth plate.
How chondrocytes are supplied with nutrients?
Since there is no direct blood supply, chondrocytes receive nourishment via diffusion from the surrounding environment. The compressive forces that regularly act on cartilage also increase the diffusion of nutrients.
How are nutrients and oxygen transported to the chondrocytes?
There are no blood vessels in cartilage to supply the chondrocytes with nutrients. Instead, nutrients diffuse through a dense connective tissue surrounding the cartilage (called the perichondrium) and into the core of the cartilage.
What are the sources of articular chondrocytes?
Articular chondrocytes have already been determined by the cartilage lineage, but other cartilage sources could be considered, for example, nose, rib ear, and growth plate chondrocytes. However, the behaviors of these cells are not similar.
Are hyaline cartilage chondrocytes tissue restricted or tissue restricted?
Within the mesenchymal tissue, hyaline cartilage chondrocytes are usually considered tissue restricted and without broader differentiation potential ( Friedenstein et al., 1970 ). Culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have multipotency, and this gives rise to bone, cartilage, muscle, fat, and stromal cells under defined culture conditions.
How do chondrocytes respond to dynamic loading?
Overall, the response of chondrocytes to dynamic loading depended on the amount and composition of ECM in the developing construct [130], and in some studies loading increased both synthesis of new GAG and its loss into the culture media [127,131].
Can mechanical conditioning enhance chondrogenesis in engineered cartilage?
In the case of engineered cartilage, a number of studies have shown that mechanical conditioning can enhance chondrogenesis.